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Positionspapier der Deutschen Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen e.V. (DHS): Reduzierung der Risiken des Cannabiskonsums

Von einer Arbeitsgruppe (unter Mitarbeit von G. Bischof, S. Eckhard, B. Fischer, D. Hermann, E. Hoch, D. Kratz, L. Krüger-Rosenke, K. Liel, U. Preuß, N. Scherbaum, E. Strüber, S. Willer, N. Wodarz, C. Kreider und P. Raiser) erarbeitet und vom Vorstand der DHS am 20.06.2023 beschlossen.

https://www.dhs.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/dhs-stellungnahmen/2023-08-03_Positionspapier_Reduzierung_der_Risiken_des_Cannabiskonsums-web.pdf

The relationship between cannabis use, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder: a genetically informed study

Cheng, Weiqiu et al.

The Lancet Psychiatry, Volume 10, Issue 6, 441 - 451 

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(23)00143-8/fulltext

Cognitive test performance in chronic cannabis flower users, concentrate users, and non-users. 

Cuttler C, Petrucci AS, LaFrance EM. 

Sci Rep. 2023 May 18;13(1):8068. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35217-1. PMID: 37202444; PMCID: PMC10195824.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10195824/

Nondisordered Cannabis Use Among US Adolescents. 

Sultan RS, Zhang AW, Olfson M, Kwizera MH, Levin FR. 

JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2311294. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11294

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2804450

Cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis: a balanced view. 

D'Souza, D.C. (2023)

World Psychiatry, 22: 231-232. doi.org/10.1002/wps.21075

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wps.21075

Recreational marijuana policies have mixed effects on opioid use, may affect other substance use patterns

Most states have adopted marijuana policies that allow for medicinal and/or recreational use. Some prior research suggests such policies may increase marijuana use as a substitute for other more immediately harmful substances such as alcohol, opioids, and stimulants. In this study, researchers examined the relationship between recreational marijuana laws and subsequent substance use patterns, with a focus on prescription opioid misuse. (Recovery Research Institute, USA, 2023)

https://www.recoveryanswers.org/research-post/recreational-marijuana-policies-mixed-effects-opioid-use-may-affect-other-substance-patterns/

Exercise-induced euphoria and anxiolysis do not depend on endogenous opioids in humans. 

Siebers M, Biedermann SV, Bindila L, Lutz B, Fuss J. 

Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021 Apr;126:105173. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105173. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PMID: 33582575.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453021000470

Hebrew University Prof. Raphael Mechoulam “Father of Cannabis Research” Dies at 92

March 10, 2023 — American Friends of the Hebrew University today announces the passing of the world pioneer in cannabis research, Prof. Raphael Mechoulam. Known as the “Father of Cannabis Research,” Mechoulam died in Israel at age 92. (afhu - American Friends of the Hebrew University, New York/USA, 10.03.2023)

https://www.afhu.org/2023/03/10/hebrew-university-prof-raphael-mechoulam-father-of-cannabis-research-dies-at-92/

IACM: Raphael Mechoulam im Alter von 92 Jahren verstorben

Am 9. März 2023 ist Raphael Mechoulam, emeritierter Professor für medizinische Chemie an der hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem, im Alter von 92 Jahren in seinem Haus in Jerusalem verstorben. Er wird aufgrund seiner bahnbrechenden Entdeckungen oft als Vater oder Großvater der Cannabinoidforschung genannt. Er hatte im Jahr 1964 zusammen mit Yehiel Gaoni erstmals die genaue chemische Struktur des Cannabiswirkstoffs Delta-9-THC ermittelt, und seine Arbeitsgruppe entdeckte 1992 das erste Endocannabinoid, das von ihm den Namen Anandamid erhielt.

Raphi, wie er von seinen Freunden genannt wurde, genoss international eine hohe Anerkennung nicht nur aufgrund seiner großartigen wissenschaftlichen Leistungen, sondern auch aufgrund seiner beeindruckenden Persönlichkeit, die ihn zum Vorbild und zur Inspiration für viele Wissenschaftler gemacht hat. Er hat erheblich dazu beigetragen, das Leben von Abertausenden Menschen mit schweren Erkrankungen durch eine Cannabistherapie zu verbessern. Wir hatten das Glück und die Ehre, dass er lange Jahre Mitglied des IACM-Vorstandes und von 2003-2005 Vorsitzender der IACM war. Neben vielen anderen Auszeichnungen, die ihm in seinem Leben verliehen wurden, erhielt er 2014 den IACM Spezialpreis für seine Verdienste um die Wiedereinführung von Cannabis und Cannabinoiden in die Medizin.

Wir werden ihn vermissen. Er wird in unseren Herzen weiterleben.

Roger Pertwee über Raphael Mechoulam

Raphael Mechoulam auf Wikipedia

(IACM - Internationale Allianz für Cannabinoid-Medikamente (IACM), 11.03.2023)

https://cannabis-med.org/de/bulletin/iacm-informationen-vom-11-marz-2023#1

The impact of recreational cannabis markets on motor vehicle accident, suicide, and opioid overdose fatalities. 

Marinello S, Powell LM. 

Soc Sci Med. 2023 Mar;320:115680. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115680. Epub 2023 Jan 16. PMID: 36764087.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953623000357

Cannabis legalization and cannabis use, daily cannabis use and cannabis-related problems among adults in Ontario, Canada (2001-2019). 

Imtiaz S, Nigatu YT, Ali F, Douglas L, Hamilton HA, Rehm J, Rueda S, Schwartz RM, Wells S, Elton-Marshall T. 

Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023 Mar 1;244:109765. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109765. Epub 2023 Jan 6. PMID: 36652851.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871623000030

The acute effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol in adults and adolescents: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment. 

Lawn, W, Trinci, K, Mokrysz, C, Borissova, A, Ofori, S, Petrilli, K, et al. 

Addiction. 2023. doi.org/10.1111/add.16154

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16154

Impacts of medical and non-medical cannabis on the health of older adults: Findings from a scoping review of the literature. 

Wolfe D, Corace K, Butler C, Rice D, Skidmore B, Patel Y, Thayaparan P, Michaud A, Hamel C, Smith A, Garber G, Porath A, Conn D, Willows M, Abramovici H, Thavorn K, Kanji S, Hutton B. 

PLoS One. 2023 Feb 17;18(2):e0281826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281826. PMID: 36800328; PMCID: PMC9937508.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0281826

Advisory: Cannabidiol (CBD) – Potential Harms, Side Effects, and Unknowns

This advisory introduces readers to cannabidiol (CBD), how it is derived, and how it differs from delta-9 THC and other cannabinoids. The advisory focuses on the risks and harms of CBD, especially those sold over the counter. This advisory also clarifies common misconceptions about CBD, given its broad availability and marketing for several medical conditions despite limited evidence of efficacy. (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Februar 2023)

https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep22-06-04-003.pdf

State Cannabis Legalization and Psychosis-Related Health Care Utilization.

Elser H, Humphreys K, Kiang MV, et al.

JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2252689. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.5268

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800728

Study first to show statewide cannabis-related deaths in Florida

(…) Researchers from Florida Atlantic University's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing are the first to conduct a statewide analysis of deaths in Florida associated with cannabis and synthetic cannabis use, utilizing data from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement from 2014 to 2020. For the study, they examined sociodemographic characteristics, health-related conditions, the presence of other substances, and the type of death associated with the use of these substances. 

Results, published in the Journal of Nursing Scholarship, show that 386 people died as a result of cannabis use; of these, 258 cases were caused by synthetic cannabis. Nearly 65 percent of these cases involved synthetic cannabis as the only drug involved. (MedicalXpress, USA, 09.02.20239

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-02-statewide-cannabis-related-deaths-florida.html

Cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids as a cause of death: Trends and their healthcare implications. 

Suriaga A, Tappen RM, Aston ER, Chiang-Hanisko L, Newman D. 

J Nurs Scholarsh. 2022 Oct 17. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12817. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36250599.

Abstract

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36250599/

Recreational marijuana policies have mixed effects on opioid use, may affect other substance use patterns

Most states have adopted marijuana policies that allow for medicinal and/or recreational use. Some prior research suggests such policies may increase marijuana use as a substitute for other more immediately harmful substances such as alcohol, opioids, and stimulants. In this study, researchers examined the relationship between recreational marijuana laws and subsequent substance use patterns, with a focus on prescription opioid misuse. (Recovery Research Institute, USA, 

https://www.recoveryanswers.org/research-post/recreational-marijuana-policies-mixed-effects-opioid-use-may-affect-other-substance-patterns/

Cannabis use and opioid relapse: An exploratory survival analysis of prospectively collected data. 

Naji L, Rosic T, Sanger N, Dennis B, Hillmer A, Hudson J, Worster A, Paul J, Marsh DC, Thabane L, Samaan Z. 

Front Psychiatry. 2022 Nov 16;13:1046649. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1046649. PMID: 36465312; PMCID: PMC9708870.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9708870/

Pediatric Edible Cannabis Exposures and Acute Toxicity: 2017-2021. 

Tweet MS, Nemanich A, Wahl M. 

Pediatrics. 2023 Jan 3:e2022057761. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-057761. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36594224.

https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/doi/10.1542/peds.2022-057761/190427/Pediatric-Edible-Cannabis-Exposures-and-Acute?autologincheck=redirected

Safety and Tolerability of Oral Cannabinoids in People Living with HIV on Long-Term ART: A Randomized, Open-Label, Interventional Pilot Clinical Trial (CTNPT 028).

Mboumba Bouassa RS, Needham J, Nohynek D, Singer J, Lee T, Bobeuf F, Samarani S, Del Balso L, Paisible N, Vertzagias C, Sebastiani G, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Klein M, Lebouché B, Cox J, Brouillette MJ, Routy JP, Szabo J, Thomas R, Huchet E, Vigano A, Jenabian MA, Costiniuk CT. 

Biomedicines. 2022 Dec 7;10(12):3168. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10123168. PMID: 36551926; PMCID: PMC9775551.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9775551/

USA. Immer mehr Kinder in den USA essen versehentlich Cannabisprodukte

Washington – In den USA ist die Zahl der Vorfälle, bei denen Kinder mit Cannabis versetzte Esswaren verseh­ent­lich verzehrt haben, seit der zunehmenden Legalisierung des Rauschgifts extrem gestiegen.

Wurden 2017 nur gut 200 Fälle registriert, in denen Kinder bis zum Alter von fünf Jahren solche Produkte gegessen hatten, waren es 2021 mehr als 3.050, wie aus einer vorgestern in der Fachzeitschrift Pediatrics veröffentlichten Studie hervorgeht. (aerzteblatt.de, 05.01.2023)

https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/140012/Immer-mehr-Kinder-in-den-USA-essen-versehentlich-Cannabisprodukte

On the duration of cannabis effects and the presence of THC in the body.

Mørland, J., Bretteville-Jensen, A.L. and Bramness, J.G. (2022), 

Addiction. doi.org/10.1111/add.16080 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.16080

Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios. 

Englund, A., Oliver, D., Chesney, E. et al.

Neuropsychopharmacol. (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01478-z

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41386-022-01478-z

Validity of the Single-Item Screen-Cannabis (SIS-C) for Cannabis Use Disorder Screening in Routine Care. 

Matson TE, Lapham GT, Bobb JF, Oliver M, Hallgren KA, Williams EC, Bradley KA. 

JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Nov 1;5(11):e2239772. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39772. PMID: 36318205.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2798000

Impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use: a longitudinal discordant twin study.

Zellers, SM, Ross, JM, Saunders, GRB, Ellingson, JM, Anderson, JE, Corley, RP, et al. 

Addiction. 2022. doi.org/10.1111/add.16016

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.16016

„Die Gesundheitsrisiken reduzieren sich auf dem legalen Markt“

Berlin – Abgeordnete des Gesundheitsausschusses im Bundestag haben sich bei einer Delegationsreise nach Kanada und in die Vereinigten Staaten vom 10. bis 17. September rund um Fragen zur Legalisierung von Can­nabis informiert. Im Mittelpunkt standen die Erfahrungen der kanadischen Provinz Ontario und des US-Bun­desstaates Kalifornien. In Kanada ist der Gebrauch von Cannabis seit 2018 legal, Kalifornien hatte diesen Schritt bereits 2016 unternommen.

(…) Fünf Fragen an Kirsten Kappert-Gonther (Grüne), amtierende Vorsitzende des Gesundheitsausschusses. (aerzteblatt.de, 25.09.2022)

https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/137618/Die-Gesundheitsrisiken-reduzieren-sich-auf-dem-legalen-Markt

Harm reduction interventions as a potential solution to managing cannabis use in people with psychosis: A call for a paradigm shift.

Coronado-Montoya S, Tra C, Jutras-Aswad D. 

Int J Drug Policy. 2022 Aug 1;108:103814. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103814. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35926338.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395922002304

Can cannabis kill? Characteristics of deaths following cannabis use in England (1998–2020). 

Rock KL, Englund A, Morley S, Rice K, Copeland CS. 

Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2022;0(0). doi:10.1177/02698811221115760

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811221115760

Rates and correlates of cannabis-associated psychotic symptoms in over 230,000 people who use cannabis. 

Schoeler T, Ferris J, Winstock AR. 

Transl Psychiatry. 2022 Sep 6;12(1):369. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02112-8. PMID: 36068202; PMCID: PMC9448725.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9448725/

  1. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and cannabis withdrawal syndrome: a review of the management of cannabis-related syndrome in the emergency department.
  2. Cannabis use and public health: time for a comprehensive harm-to-others framework
  3. Edible Cannabis Legalization and Unintentional Poisonings in Children
  4. Deutscher Verkehrsgerichtstag empfiehlt Erhöhung des THC-Grenzwerts
  5. Estimating the effects of legalizing recreational cannabis on newly incident cannabis use.