Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.
Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.
Cales RH, Bishop CL, Huecker MR, Shreffler J, Eisenstat MD, Troutt DJ.
Harm Reduct J. 2025 Nov 18;22(1):187. doi: 10.1186/s12954-025-01335-4. PMID: 41254612; PMCID: PMC12625309.
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